DIGESTIVE SYSTEM OF MAN PART 2

5) STOMACH:-

Anatomy:

Human stomach is a muscular sac organ which consist of 3 parts.

*Cardiac part:-

The upper muscular narrow pipe like structure is called Cardiac sphinctor.

*Middle part:-
Middle part is known as Fundus which secretes digestive enzyme.

*Pyloric part:-
The lower part which is connected with duodenum. This part contain valve called Pyloric sphintor.

Physiological function:-

It forms a covering on wall of stomach.

1-Mucus: To protect from the action of enzyme.

2- HCL: It kills bacteria and germs provide acidic mediam for the action of enzyme.

Complex protein polymer --HCL--> simple protein

3-Pepsinogen:-

It is an inactive enzyme which is changed into pepsin enzyme by the help of HCL.

Protein ---pepsin--> peptones

4-Renin:-

It is present in infants and babies .

Milk-----renin--> curd

Chyme formed into duodenum.

6)SMALL INTESTINE:-

Anatomy:-
Largest part in G.I.T. Its consists of 03 parts as.

Physiology:-

a) Duodenum:- 

The stomach open into duodenum .It is a very important part receives bile duct from liver and pancreatic duct from pancreas. Both open in duodenum called Bilo pancreatic duct.

Function of bile:-

*Basic compound scretes sodium carbonate.

*It acts on fat and emulsify it .

Function of pancreatic juice:-

*Trypsinogen:

Peptones----trypsin--> polypeptide

*Amylase:

Carbohydrates ----amylase---> diasaccharides

*Lipase:

Fats----lipase--> fatty acid + glycerol

*Chymotrypsin:

Milk protein (casein) ----chymotrypsin--> amino acid

b) JEJUNUM:- 

*Erypsin:-   Polypeptide -----erypsin--> amino acid

*Maltase:-

Maltose ---Maltase--> glucose

*Lactase:-

Lactose ---lactase--> galactose + glucose

*Sucrose:-

Sucrose ------> glucose

*Lipase:-

Fats --------> fatty acid + glycerol

c) ILEUM:-

In the ileum absorbtion of digested food takes place . In the ileum there are small projection known as villi.The villi are consists of epithelial cell and lacteals which are special cells and connected with lymph vessels villi also have blood capillaries.

Function:-

*The glucose and amino acid absorbed by villi.

7) LARGE INTESTINE:-

Anatomy:-

Large intestine consist of following 3 parts:-

1;Caecum:
In this part special bacteria are present which help in digestion of cellulose. It is converted into sugar then its absorbed in body.

2;Colon : consist if three parts

a) Ascending part                    b)Transverse part              c) Descending part  

Physiological functions:-

*Inorganic salts,vitamins and water are absorbed in colon.

*Assimilation of excretory substance takes place in large intestine .

8) Rectum:-

In the rectum purely undigested food comes and it is expelled periodically out of body through anus after the reabsorbtion of water.

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM OF MAN. Part 1

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM IN MAN:-

The digestive system of man is consist of following parts:-

1) MOUTH:-

It is the anterior opening of the gut,which is bounded by fleshy lips. The lips not only close the mouth but also help in ingestion. The mouth opens into buccal cavity.

2) BUCCAL CAVITY :-

The human buccal cavity consist of following parts as :-

a) Tongue:-

It is an elongated muscular organ which is primarily a chemical sensory organ.

Functions:-
However, during digestion its help in rolling of food.

b) Teeth:-

The buccal cavity is a chamber surrounded by two jaws,upper jaw and lower jaw. In there jaws tooth are present which are of different types is called Heterodont . These teeth are in gums are known as Therodont. In human being thesr are two sets of teeth in entire life. The teeth which appear early age are known as Milky teeth. These teeth are replaced by bony teeth.

Different types of teeth :-

* Incisors:-
These are front teeth.
 Function:
 used for cutting and bitting.

* Canines:
Canines are side teeth.
Function:
used for stretching food.

* Premolars and Molars:
These are back teeth
Function: 
used for chewing and grinding food material. By the help of these teeth the food is properly masticated.

*Dental formula:-
(i 2/2 , c 1/1, pm 2/2 , m 3/3 ) × 2 = 32

SALIVARY GLANDS:-
In the buccal cavity there are three pairs of salivary gland.These glands are:-

*Parotid gland:-
Situated below the ear pinna on inner side  of buccal cavity.

*Sublingual gland :-
Present under the tongue .

*Submandibular gland :-
Situated below the jaws.

The secretion of salivary gland is known as Saliva.
The saliva is mixed with food material. The saliva contains:-
°Water    °Mucus    ° Salt

Function:-
The food becomes soft and lubricated. It can be easily swallowed.
These are used to kill germs.

Important enzyme:

Amylase OR Ptyalin enzyme :-

Starch + ----amylase--- > carbohydrate (bolus formed)

3) PHARYNX:-

At the end of buccal cavity small part pharynx is present which opens into oesophagus. In the pharynx there is an opening known as Glottis .It lead into respiratory tract .The glottis has valve known as Epiglottis when food passes through it . It is closed by epiglottis, so the food particles cannot enter the glottis.

4) OESOPHAGUS:-

It is a narrow tube like structure. It passed through neck and then opens into stomach.

Function:-

•No enzyme is secreted in oesophagus.

•Only mucus is present to lubricate the inner walls.

•The basic propulsive movement of G.I.T is peristalsis.
                                                                                       (continue on next part b post )

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS:-

GENE EXPRESSION 

           OR

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS:-

INTRODUCTION:-

•Protein are large complex compound.
•The one protein molecule is made up of 20- amino acid.
• The nature of protein is based on number and kind of amino acid.

SYNTHESIS :-

• The protein synthesis take placed under the direction of DNA in ribosome and following main steps are include in protein synthesis.

1)TRANSCRIPTION.

2) TRANSLATION.

1) TRANSCRIPTION:-

Definition:

  It is formation of messenger RNA molecule on DNA helix.

1) RNA POLYMERASE an enzyme attaches with helix DNA and brings about breaking of hydrogen bond between nitrogenous base. Thus, separation occurs between 2 helix.

2) Nucleotides of RNA line up next to the complementary DNA nucleotide .

3) The mRNA leaves nucleus through passes from nuclear membrane.

4) When enzyme arrives at a special STOP signal at the far edge of gene, it dis engage from DNA and releases the assembled RNA chain. This chain is complementary to DNA strand ,Thus it is called Primary RNA transcript or RNA transcript copy.

5) Messenger RNA molecule having coded message also.

2) TRANSLATION:-

Definition:

It is the process in which building of polypeptide chain occurs in ribosome's according to message of mRNA.

ATTACHMENT OF mRNA TO RIBOSOME:-

- mRNA is not read by one ribosome, many ribosome's are bind with mRNA.

  Transfer of amino acid to site if protein synthesis:-

- Activated tRNA brings amino acid to ribosomes, where mRNA resides.

- The inactive amino acid are activated by specific enzyme and ATP.

FORMATION OF PROTEIN:-

1) tRNA also has sequence of 3 nucleotide called Anti codons . This anti codons must be complementary with codons present on mRNA ,other wise attachment of tRNA to mRNA is not possible.

2)The first tRNA shifts its amino acid to second tRNA. Two amino acid make peptide bond.

3) The same process remains continue until desired polypeptide chain is prepared.

4) lastly, a stop codon present on mRNA stop this process and polypeptide chain set free in cytoplasm.

STUDY HACKS..

STUDY HACKS :-

Can't find time to study? 

How to study more in less time?

Maybe some of my tricks will help you better study with a busing schedule...

  Following are some study hacks that will boost your grades :-

1) ‭Be stubborn on your goals and flexable on your methods.

2) Create acronyms to help memorize information like ; Mitosis stages include

Prophase + Metaphase + Anaphase + Telophase In short we can learn acronym as (PMAT) .

3)Organized your study table make sure u have all accessories like water ,books, notes, e.t.c at table..

4) Heigh light the key points with different colours.

5) Take sufficient sleep as well for better health.

6) Practise Test are great feedback on how will you studied and marks your mistakes too.

7) Follow Chart technique make follow chart for different process or cycles eg. Make follow chart on DNA replication.

8) Avoid Distraction by silent your cell phone and off wifi device while studing.

9) Look After yourself  dont eat white bread , potatoes, candies, fried items, and most important coffein drinks..

10) Teach Other Students study with intention to teach others.

11) Make Time table in a week cover all your subjects by divide days on whole coarse.

12) Avoid Stress don't create panic about final exams or test be confident and do your best.

13) Don't Study At Midnight study at early morning is more good for health..

14) Read atleast one time your class notes after class or at home.

15) Ask Questions from teacher make sure your concept's more smoothly.

16) Create tags between books and notes good way to memorize difficult topics.

17) Reward Yourself after an hour study  must take 15 minutes break for chatting with friends or listening music e.t.c..

18) Watch documentaries. When you're stuck watch a video on the topics.

19) Sit In The front of class room helps you better understand see and hear the lecture properly.

20)Formulae have difficult to learn make a note of them and paste it on wall.

     One at a time these hacks / habits will change your whole life..

Urinary System of Man

URINARY SYSTEM OF MAN:-
The part of urinary system of man consist of following organs.

1: KIDNEY:
Filter blood and removes waste in the form of urine.

2:URETER:
Transfer urine from urinary bladder.

3:URETHRA:

Passes out from urinary bladder to external environment.

4:URINARY BLADDER:

Stores urine until urine is out from body.

1:KIDNEYS:-
°Location:
Two kidneys are located above the waist on either sides of vertebral columns with posterior wall of abdomen.

°Protection:
Kidneys are covered by membraneous perifoneum.

°Morphology:
Kidneys are bean shaped organs. Its concave side there is depression called "Hilus"

°Anatomy:
"Internal structure of kidney"

The internal structure of kidney consist of following parts;

°Capsule:
Fibrous capsule, which protect kidney.

°Cortex:
Outer region of kidney,contain upper parts of nephron .Brownish region also.

°Medula:
Inner region of kidney contain lower parts . It is the central pale yellow region. Medullary pyramids are also present in medula.

°Pyramids:
These are the cone like structures present in Medula . Urine is dropped in pelvis from  conical part of pyramids.

NEPHRON:-

°Each nephron is the structure and functional unit of kidney.

°Each human kidney contains almost one million nephron.

FUNCTIONS :-

°Nephron filter blood and removes the wastes in the form of urine.

°Nephron performs both Osmoregulation as well as excretion.

" Nephron is a long convoluted tubule composed of following structures" 

  PARTS OF NEPHRON:-  

Two main parts of neuron are:-

Malphighian Body:-

a) Bowman's Capsule:-

Malphighian body is composed of double walled cup like structure called
" Bowman's Capsule "

b) Glomerules :-

Afferent and efferent vessels forms a tuft in bowman's capsule called
" Glomerules "

     Both the Glomerules and Bowman's together form Malphighian body.

.FUNCTION:-

It serves as filtration unit of the nephron.

•RENAL TUBULES:-

°Proximal convulated tubule:-
The Bowman's Capsule gives out coiled tubule known as "Proximal convulated tubule".

° lOOP OF HENLE:-
Each nephron  makes a U-shaped structure called " loop of Henle".

° VASA RECTA:-
Peritubular capillaries of renal arteries and renal vein form a network called "Vasa recta" which runs straight parallel besides limbs of loop of henle.

° Distil convulated tubule:-
The ascending limb of the loop of Henle become larger in diameter in cortex and forms a coil called " Distil convulated tubule ".

° Collecting Duct:-
The distal end finally opens into collecting duct. The collecting duct receives urin from numbers of nephron and drain it into pelvis.